As an architect with over three decades of experience, I’ve had the privilege of working on Capitol buildings, focusing particularly on historic preservation, adaptive reuse, modernization, and security/building safety. CSHQA’s architectural team is especially proficient in historic preservation/restoration and Capitol design and design studies.
Safety measures aim to protect individuals and buildings from accidental harm or damage. This involves addressing hazards such as fires, structural failures, and other emergencies, ensuring the physical integrity of the building, and safeguarding its occupants. Each State Capitol presents unique challenges based on location, architecture, local security options, and building safety landscape. Throughout my career, I’ve witnessed the evolution of security and safety measures in Capitols.
Noteworthy Statistics
Following the January 6 riot and attack at the US Capitol, 19 State Capitols significantly elevated their security efforts by closing the buildings and engaging a notable level of security staff. Several states enhanced site security by implementing security fencing, although these measures were short-lived as tensions eased. According to the Council of State Governments (CSG), 34 states and Washington, D.C. prohibit the possession of firearms on Capitol grounds. Meanwhile, seven statehouses permit both open and concealed carry, and 13 do not use metal detectors or X-ray machines.
Threat Assessment
Effective threat assessments are essential for identifying risks and vulnerabilities, thereby informing security protocols and strategies. By conducting thorough assessments annually, we can develop proactive measures that mitigate risks and enhance our overall security posture. This includes compiling lists of previous incidents and “what if” scenarios into a comprehensive training manual that is regularly updated. Regular collaboration with police and fire agencies, and Capitol security personnel can help uncover unknown risks.
Building Protections
Capitol buildings can be equipped with various security measures, such as perimeter vehicle barriers, offsite parking, and other hardening measures. For example, the Minnesota State Capitol recently implemented a bollard system. Solutions can include environmental and physical barriers like fencing, stone/concrete walls, statues, planters, automated popup barriers, trees and plantings, water features, substantial art, and structures. In California, where the Capitol grounds are at the same level as adjacent roads, options like cable barriers, low walls, extensive vegetation, perimeter fencing, and bollards can prevent vehicle access.
Fire and Other Threats
Historic buildings are particularly vulnerable to fires, which can lead to the destruction of irreplaceable artifacts and historical environments. Explosives can cause significant fires, structural damage, injuries, and fatalities. Smoke is a primary concern due to limited exits in many Capitol buildings. Entrance doors are typically equipped with metal detection and enhanced scanning equipment, and the number of entrance doors to Capitol facilities is limited.
Recent Enhancements
Recent renovations to Capitol buildings include the addition of bulletproof panels to the dais desk, ballistic glazing to chamber windows, new exit routes, and infrastructure for future access control systems. These enhancements focus on improving structural integrity to withstand threats while preserving their architectural integrity. Additionally, perimeter fencing provides the necessary standoff distance to protect buildings from graffiti, thrown objects, incendiary devices, and window breaking. For example, in Idaho, protesters painted the historic front state Capitol columns, necessitating significant and costly restoration efforts.
Historical Preservation of State Capitols
The goal is to integrate safety and functionality while carefully preserving the aesthetic and cultural value of these historically significant buildings. Events like the January 6 incident at the US Capitol cause considerable damage, requiring extensive restoration. Although there may be initial resistance to barriers, people often adapt over time, much like with airport security. Substantial funds are invested in maintaining these historic structures, and security is essential for a stable workplace and public engagement in the legislative process.
Emergency Preparedness
Emergency response plans are crucial for ensuring Capitol safety. In twenty-one states, Capitol security is managed by Capitol police divisions, while in seven states, it is managed by divisions of the state’s highway patrol. Safe evacuation of staff, the public, and officials is critical, and coordination with law enforcement is essential for swift responses.
Emerging Trends and Technologies
Emerging trends will shape the future of State Capitol buildings and occupant safety. The latest advancements include AI-driven analytics, high-definition cameras, enhanced facial recognition, AI-driven gun detection, package scanning, smart card systems, license plate readers, and newer threat detection systems like chemical and biological systems. Geofencing technology can control drone usage around Capitol buildings, creating virtual boundaries that detect and restrict unauthorized drone access. While not a new concept, well-placed panic buttons allow staff to quickly call for help. Integrating modern surveillance and incident management technology, along with continuous evaluation of security protocols, can help protect these iconic buildings and their occupants.